Suppose you are on a jury in a trial someday. How could you encounter Simpson's Paradox?
a. You could see data that were collected from two different studies, giving you two different results.
b. One side could present the data using two variables, and the other side could break the same data down by a third variable that reverses the direction of the results.
c. One side could use counts to summarize the data, and the other side could use percentages or rates, reversing the direction of the relationship.
d. All of the above.
Question 2
When you see a group of individuals summarized into a single contingency table containing only one row variable and one column variable, what should your reaction be?
a. Great; this data is clear and easy to understand.
b. I need to find out if the data have been collapsed over some important third variable.
c. This is garbage; there is always more to a statistical relationship than just two simple variables.
d. None of the above.
Operant conditioning, also known as trial-and-error learning.
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EXAMPLE OF A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
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