What was the term Tolman coined to refer to learning that occurs in the absence of any reinforcement?
a) latent learning
b) learning by savings
c) Gestalt learning
d) associative learning
Question 2
In a classic study reported by Tolman (1948), rats were exposed to a complex maze that had three different paths to food: Path 1 was shortest, Path 2 was a bit longer, and Path 3 was the longest.
After experiencing
all of the paths, rats showed a strong preference for Path 1 (the shortest path). Then, the researchers blocked
Path 1 which also, as it turns out, blocked Path 2. What did rats do when they were placed in this situation?
a) After being blocked at Path 1, they tried Path 2, then finally chose Path 3.
b) After being blocked on Path 1, they kept trying Path 1 over and over again.
c) After being blocked at Path 1, they tried Path 2, and then kept trying Path 2 over and over again.
d) After being blocked at Path 1, they immediately switched to Path 3 (not even bothering with Path 2).
Cone of Learning (adapted from Dale).
An Overview of Perceptual, Stimulus–Response (S-R), and Motor Learning
Learning without Reinforcement (1 of 2)
Nursing: A Concept-Based Approach to Learning, Volume I
Observational Learning
If nondisjunction (the improper separation of chromosomes) occurs during meiosis, the eggs or sperm