Answer to Question 1
Researchers have studied various factors that enable individuals to thrive in the face of adversity. These include the following:
An optimistic attitude. Rather than react to a stressor simply as a threat, resilient men and women view it as a challengeone they believe they can and will overcome. Researchers have documented that individuals facing various stressors, including serious illness and bereavement, are more likely to report experiencing growth if they have high levels of hope and optimism.
Self-efficacy. A sense of being in control of one's life can boost health, even in times of great stress.
Stress inoculation. People who deal well with adversity often have had previous experiences with stress that toughened them in various ways, such as teaching them skills that enhanced their ability to cope and boosting their confidence in their ability to weather a rough patch.
Secure personal relationships. Individuals who know they can count on the support of their loved ones are more likely to be resilient.
Spirituality or religiosity. Religious coping may be particularly related to growth and resilience. In particular, two types seem most beneficial: spiritually based religious coping (receiving emotional reassurance and guidance from God) and good-deeds coping (living a better, more spiritual life that includes altruistic acts).
Answer to Question 2
a
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