Answer to Question 1
Theory Z emerged in the 1970s, but was fully presented by William Ouchi in 1981 . Theory Z is
a humanistic approach more similar to Theory Y than to Theory X. Theory Y looks at
management from a view of employer to employee. Theory Z looks at management from an
organizational perspective. Theory Z is based on long-term employment and slow, but
continuous growth and progression. Employees are included in decision making for the
organization but are still responsible for their own performance and development. The Theory Z
chef believes in encouragement and development of the individual. This chef also constantly
considers the future of the total organization when working with staff. The welfare of the
individual is directly connected with that of the organization.
Answer to Question 2
Theory X assumes that the average person has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if
possible. Theory Y assumes that the expenditure of physical and mental effort in work is as
natural as play or rest. In contrast to theory X, theory Y emphasizes supervisory leadership
through participative management and permits subordinates to experience personal satisfaction
as they contribute to the achievement of objectives. On the other hand, theory X has a part to
play in situations that require a firm but necessary position of authority. Empowerment, which is
fundamental to TQM success, is most certainly not a part of theory X. The successful kitchen
team will fall into McGregor's category of theory Y that relies on the assumption that people are
naturally primed and ready to contribute; the only missing pieces are great leadership and a
motivated environment.
Physiological Stress Response (cont.)
Linear dose-response curve
J or U dose-response curve
molecular orbital theory
Sympathetic Nervous System's Flight or Fight Response
Response of corn selected for high and low oil content over 76 generations