Answer to Question 1
Chronic alcohol abuse not only displaces nutrients from the diet, but it also interferes with the body's metabolism of nutrients. Most dramatic is alcohol's effect on the B vitamin folate. The liver loses its ability to retain folate, and the kidneys increase their excretion of it. Alcohol abuse creates a folate deficiency that devastates digestive system function. The small intestine normally releases and retrieves folate continuously, but it becomes damaged by folate deficiency and alcohol toxicity, so it fails to retrieve its own folate and misses any that may trickle in from food as well. Alcohol also interferes with the action of folate in converting the amino acid homocysteine to methionine. The result is an excess of homocysteine, which has been linked to heart disease, and an inadequate supply of methionine, which slows the production of new cells, especially the rapidly dividing cells of the intestine and the blood. The combination of poor folate status and alcohol consumption has also been implicated in promoting colorectal cancer.
Answer to Question 2
Heart: In heavy drinkers, raises blood pressure, blood lipids, and the risk of stroke and heart disease; when compared with those who abstain, heart disease risk is generally lower in light-to-moderate drinkers.
Kidney: Enlarges the kidneys, alters hormone functions, and increases the risk of kidney failure.
Brain: Causes neuropathy and dementia; impairs balance and memory.
Laboratory mice demonstrate that genetic differences can have profound effects on the propensity to
Sample Program for Changing Daily Caloric Intake (cont.)
An example of an intake screen in an electronic health record.
The air intake tube is being removed from the throttle body.
Fluid Intake Affects Fitness and Performance
For the circuit in Figure 1, assume ideal diodes. The peak inverse voltage is approximately