Answer to Question 1
If a gallstone remains lodged in the cystic duct, it can obstruct bile flow to the duodenum and cause cholecystitis-distention and inflammation of the gallbladder. Cholecystitis can lead to infection or to more severe complications, including perforation of the gallbladder, peritonitis, and fistulas. If gallstones obstruct the common bile duct, they can block bile flow from the liver, resulting in jaundice or damage to liver tissue. An impacted stone within the bile ducts may lead to infection and bacterial cholangitis, which causes severe pain, sepsis, and fever and is often a medical emergency. Gallstones can block the pancreatic duct as well-a primary cause of acute pancreatitis. Because these complications are potentially dangerous, individuals should seek medical attention if gallstone pain does not resolve over time or if fever, jaundice, or persistent nausea and vomiting develop.
Answer to Question 2
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Gallbladder with gallstones. Note the stones in the hepatic duct, gallbladder, and common bile duct.
Cholelithiasis. Common sites of gallstones in the generalized condition. (a) Stones in the hepatic d
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