Answer to Question 1
Common nutrient deficiencies found in patients with heart failure include: potassium, magnesium, thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, folate, B-12, calcium, and zinc. Many of these nutrient deficiencies are caused by drug-nutrient interactions. A common drug-nutrient interaction in heart failure patients is the loss of water-soluble nutrients when a combination of multiple diuretics is used to remove excess fluid from the body. Sdditional research is being done to determine the appropriate use of some supplements, such as omega-3 fatty acids and coenzyme Q10, in HF patients. While results do not suggest any strong evidence for the supplementation of either of these substances, there remains a possibility that they may help the HF patient. L-arginine and carnitine are also being investigated for potential supplementation.
Answer to Question 2
On admission she was had fluid retention and had prerenal azotemia.
Physical exam reveals 2+ pedal edema that demonstrates her fluid overload
The patient's creatinine and BUN are also elevated.
These findings are compatible with low kidney perfusion.
Fluid restriction will improve clinical symptoms and quality of life.
Foods counted as fluid: All beverages (including water, milk, juices, coffee, tea, soft drinks),soups, gelatins, fruit ice, Popsicles, liquid nutritional supplements, ice cream, puddings, custard, sherbet, ice, soups, and anything liquid (or that melts) at room temperature.
The effects of deforestation on nutrient concentrations.
Anterior Heart
Mechanisms of Action of Drugs Used for Heart Failure
Shapes of cells found in the brain.
Desmosomes and gap junctions, as shown in heart muscle.
Return of oxygenated blood to the heart and entry into the aorta (red = oxygenated blood, blue = ...