Answer to Question 1
B
Answer to Question 2
From the time he came to the throne in 768 until his death in 814, the Frankish chieftain Charles the Great (in French, Charlemagne) pursued the dream of restoring the Roman Empire under Christian leadership. His holy wars resulted in the forcible conversion of the Saxons east of the Rhine River, the Lombards of northern Italy, and the Slavic peoples along the Danube. Charlemagne's campaigns also pushed the Muslims back beyond the Pyrenees into Spain, leading to the creation of the Holy Roman Empire.
Charlemagne's imperial mission was animated by a passionate interest in education and the arts and sponsored a revival of learning and literacy. This renaissance allowed important old texts, many Classical Latin manuscripts, to survive. The Carolingian Renaissance also produced magnificent liturgical and devotional objects, often made of ivory or precious metals, and illustrating the superior technical abilities of Carolingian metalsmiths. The integration of German, Roman, and Byzantine stylistic tradition typifies the Carolingian Renaissance, the glories of which would not be matched for at least three centuries.
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