Unlike operant or classical conditioning, in observational learning, ____.
a. direct reinforcement is necessary to establish behavior
b. new behaviors can be learned by watching others
c. reinforcement must precede the person's action
d. reinforcers are not necessary to maintain a behavior
Question 2
When Stanley is afraid of meeting a woman, he finds an excuse to run off by himself. The immediate effect of running away is to make him feel less anxious and more at ease. Stanley's behavior illustrates the ____.
a. role of negative reinforcers in avoidance behavior
b. fact that shaping can result in maladjusted behavior
c. role of partial reinforcement in abnormal behavior
d. power of positive reinforcement
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