Answer to Question 1
The standard behavioral intervention, based on classical conditioning principles, is using an alarm that sounds at the first detection of urine. Bed-wetting alarms have been around since Mowrer and Mowrer (1938) first invented the bell and pad (a battery-operated device that produced a loud sound as soon as a drop of urine closed the electrical circuit), and they are among the safest and most effective treatments. Modern alarms have a simple moisture sensor that snaps into a child's pajamas, with a small speaker attached to the shoulder to awaken the child. A single drop of urine completes the electronic circuit, setting off a piercing alarm that causes the child to tense and reflexively stop urinating.
Answer to Question 2
Perhaps you have noticed how sleep problems co-occur with many different disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, anxiety, conduct problems, and developmental disorders (Chorney et al., 2008; Kelly & El-Sheikh, 2013). This connection raises an important consideration: Do sleep problems cause other disorders, or do they result from them? The answer to this question requires an understanding of how sleep problems interact with a person's psychological well-being. Since sleep problems commonly arise from particular stressorsan upcoming exam or a relationship problemwe tend to think that sleep difficulties are secondary symptoms of a more primary problem. However, the relationship between sleep problems and psychological adjustment is bidirectional.
Research Methods
A Simple Neural Model of Classical Conditioning
Behavioral and Social-Cognitive Approaches to Personality
Mechanism of Action of Drugs Used to Treat Muscle Spasms and Spasticity
Two behavioral paradigms that are used extensively in the study of the neural mechanisms of ...
Absorption Methods in the Small Intestine