Answer to Question 1
Stress and poorer immune functioning are associated with increases in negative moods, including depression, anxiety, hostility, and anger. People who are depressed have reduced NK cell activity, lower lymphocyte response, and more white blood cells (suggesting that the body is trying harder to fight infection). Other negative moods, including anger, hostility, and anxiety, are also associated with reduced NK cell activity and immune system suppression.
Many variables affect the relationship between stress and immune function, including how much time has elapsed since the stressor occurred, how much control people believe they have over the stressor, the person's age, and the time of day. Interpersonal interactions also affect cell activity and immune functioning. Loneliness, or perceived social isolation, is also associated with many indicators of poorer immune functioning.
Answer to Question 2
TRUE
A closed circulatory system.
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The humoral and cellular immune response. At the left is the humoral (or B-cell mediated); at the ...
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