Question 1
To become a more sophisticated and critical thinker one should
◦ remember that correlation is the same as causation.
◦ accept obvious explanations rather than seeking alternatives.
◦ avoid being concerned with operational definitions of concepts.
◦ consider first how to disprove a theory before seeking confirming evidence.
Question 2
To measure the effects of task complexity on an individual's perception of time, a researcher has one group of participants do simple addition problems and another group solve complex mathematical formulas. Both groups are then asked to estimate the time elapsed since they began the task. Later, the researcher finds out that the participants given the complex task were in a room with higher noise levels than the other group. In this study, the noise level would be considered an example of
◦ the placebo effect.
◦ a dependent variable.
◦ a confounding variable.
◦ an independent variable.
The effects of epinephrine in humans
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