Answer to Question 1
A meta-analytic study of exercise interventions in advanced-age participants without clinical disorders found that the effect size for psychological well-being was three times greater than for control groups; aerobic exercise was the type and moderate intensity activity was the activity level that were the most beneficial. The study's authors noted that physical activity had a significant effect on self-efficacy and that well-being was linked to indicators of cardiovascular fitness.
Answer to Question 2
Although there are some mixed findings, when examining the studies with better methodology, it appears that it does. For example, using a large scale community sample from the Alameda County Study, epidemiologists were able to determine that physical activity was protective against developing later depression both through cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis even after controlling for potentially confounding variables.
Measures of ocean chlorophyll-a concentrations from part of Atlantic Canada in (a) January 2006, and
The U.S. Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) network.
Diseases and Effects on Liver
Research Methods
Sample Exercise Program for Limited Older Adults (cont.)
Mechanisms of positive control of transcription