Answer to Question 1
Control (versus powerlessness) is similar to Rotter's internal locus of control concept and refers to confidence in one's ability to cope with difficulties and to have an influence on outcomes. Challenge (versus security) concerns a sense that stress and change are catalysts for growth and personal development. They are appraised as exciting opportunities and not avoided in favor of easier pathways to comfort or security. Finally, commitment (versus alienation) means to be deeply involved in one's life endeavors and to be true to one's self and values even during periods of high stress.
Answer to Question 2
If conscientiousness is the champion of health and longevity, extraversion is the champion of good feelings and happiness. Of the Big Five, extraversion consistently rates number one in both positive affect and subjective well-being. Overall extraverts appear to be more responsive to reward, less responsive to punishment, experience higher levels of positive affect for longer periods of time, and on the whole, report higher levels of well-being than introverts.
Pupillary response.
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