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Long-term mental and physical effects from substance abuse include: paranoia, psychosis, immune deficiencies, and organ damage.
Most strokes are caused when blood clots move to a blood vessel in the brain and block blood flow to that area. Thrombolytic therapy can be used to dissolve the clot quickly. If given within 3 hours of the first stroke symptoms, this therapy can help limit stroke damage and disability.
Opium has influenced much of the world's most popular literature. The following authors were all opium users, of varying degrees: Lewis Carroll, Charles, Dickens, Arthur Conan Doyle, and Oscar Wilde.
Blood in the urine can be a sign of a kidney stone, glomerulonephritis, or other kidney problems.
It is believed that the Incas used anesthesia. Evidence supports the theory that shamans chewed cocoa leaves and drilled holes into the heads of patients (letting evil spirits escape), spitting into the wounds they made. The mixture of cocaine, saliva, and resin numbed the site enough to allow hours of drilling.
![Renal calculi (stones) can form in several areas within the urinary tract. When they form in the kid](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_14755_05_10_12_4_17_10_92872103.jpeg)
![Endocarditis. The human heart has been sectioned to reveal the left ventricle and origin of the aort](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_14755_11_11_12_7_14_26_100221543.jpeg)