Answer to Question 1
Answer: People raised in East Asian cultures tend to have a more holistic thinking style, meaning that they tend to pay attention to how people or objects are positioned relative to one another. They focus on the overall context. People raised in Western cultures tend to have a more analytic thinking style in that they focus more on the properties of objects, and less on the context. There is evidence that these thinking styles are due in part to the environment in these cultures. Japanese cities tend to be much busier, with many more buildings and objects, as compared to Western cities. This type of differences is thought to be a possible cause for differences in thinking styles.
Answer to Question 2
Answer: The availability heuristic is a mental shortcut whereby people base their judgments on the ease with which they can bring something to mind; unfortunately, what comes most readily to mind may not be typical, due to limited experience or biased memory processes. The representativeness heuristic is a mental shortcut whereby people classify something based on how well it represents the typical case; unfortunately, people often underutilize base rate information in favor of deciding how typical an individual case is of the overall category.
Tusks of African and Asian elephants.
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