A recent study found that the more time fathers spend with their children, the less likely they are to abuse their children. Which of the following is the most valid interpretation of this finding?
a. Fathers who spend a lot of time with their children are more likely to develop loving relationships, reducing the likelihood that they will abuse their children.
b. Many fathers who abuse their children feel guilty and thus avoid spending time with their children.
c. There is some third variable, such as having an anti-social personality, that increases the likelihood that fathers will abuse their children and that they will spend little time with them.
d. Either A, B, or C could be true, and one can't tell which, based on the results of the study.
Question 2
Rosenberg and his colleagues (1992) conducted a study that found that women who relied on the diaphragm or contraceptive sponge had fewer STDs than women who used condoms.
The media jumped to the conclusion that condom use contributes to STDs. Of the limitations of this study, which one should have prevented the media from drawing a causal conclusion?
a. Women who use public clinics are not representative of women in the U.S.
b. The researchers did not study women who were on the pill.
c. The choice to use condoms may have stemmed from STD contraction rather than the reverse.
d. No such relationship between birth control device and STDs exists for men.
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