Answer to Question 1
Self-awareness is linked with self-concept. As toddlers become aware of what they
are capable of and what they are not, pride develops as a result of matching their
abilities and actions, and shame is felt when they do less than what they are capable
of. Pride appears to develop not from parental praise, but from the toddlers' personal
assessment of themselves and cognitive recognition of how they are performing.
Negative parental criticism does lead to increased shame, however, and neutrality
on the parents' part in evaluating their children's behavior seems to guide children to
do things on their own, which enables the process of self-evaluation as an internal
predetermining mechanism for the development of both pride and shame.
Answer to Question 2
Predictors of secure attachment include parent's sensitivity and responsiveness to
the infant's needs, high infant-caregiver synchrony, the temperament of the infant
(most notably, easy), little household stress, and a secure attachment to their own
parents. When the infant's needs are met, when a reciprocal relationship between
infant and caregiver is established, and when neither the infant nor the parents are
stressed, secure attachment results.
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