Answer to Question 1
Research has found no long-term benefits to immediate bonding for humans.
However, the concept of bonding has led many women to feel quite guilty or
saddened when not given immediate opportunities to spend time with the newborn.
That said, it has proven to be beneficial for first-time mothers who are young, poor,
or otherwise stressed because providing opportunities for immediate bonding
reduces risk of postpartum depression.
Answer to Question 2
The Apgar scale is used at 1 and 5 minutes after birth to measure the newborn's
body functioning. It measures skin color, heartbeat, reflex irritability, muscle tone,
and respiratory effort. Each of these is measured with a score of 0, 1, or 2. Higher
scores are better. A 5-minute score of 7 or greater means that there is no danger. If
the total score is below 4, the baby is in critical condition.
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