Answer to Question 1
Answer: In the expectancy-value model, parental beliefs lead to differences in parental behavior. In turn, these differences lead to differences in childrens and adolescents motivational beliefs. The differences in childrens and adolescents beliefs then lead to differences in childrens and adolescents behavior.
Answer to Question 2
Answer: A mastery goal orientation involves a desire to improve ones knowledge and skill, whereas a performance goal orientation involves a desire to get a good score or grade or to outperform others.