Describe at least three general child-rearing factors that are ...

[itsmyluck]

Describe at least three general child-rearing factors that are thought to contribute to altruism in children.
 
  What will be an ideal response?

Question 2

Among four- to eight-month-old infants, secondary circular reactions will most often be directed toward
 
  a. the infant's memories of prenatal life in the womb.
  b. an imagined caregiver who is absent.
  c. external objects such as toys.
  d. the infant's own body.

[Dominic]

Answer to Question 1

(1) Children who are assigned responsibilities, such as caring for younger siblings, tend to be more altruistic. (2) Altruism can be increased by direct material reinforcement in the short term or (3) in the long term by verbal reinforcement if administered by a warm and charitable person the child likes and respects. (4) Children who are encouraged to play cooperative games with group goals may become more cooperative and also more likely to engage in other altruistic behaviors such as sharing. (5) Parents who use altruistic exhortations and who practice what they preach tend to produce altruistic children. (6) Persuading a child to think of him- or herself as generous, helpful, kind, nice, and so on can increase altruism. Finally, (7) empathy training can increase altruism and altruistic behaviors even for very young children. Empathy training involves encouraging the child to role-take and to experience the other person's distress.

Answer to Question 2

C