Answer to Question 1
Although preschool children and young grade-schoolers show some awareness of the needs of listeners and make some adjustments in their speech (length or speed) to accommodate needs, they show deficits in adjusting the content of their communication to meet the listener's needs. For example, Krauss and Glucksberg found that Kindergarten and Grade 1 children failed to describe critical differences between stimuli to a partner. Young children often show deficits as listeners as well. Preschool and early grade-school children often fail to recognize when a message is ambiguous or has an inconsistency in it. They are also less likely than older children to request clarification of additional information when it is needed. By eight to 10 years of age, children show considerable gains both in their ability to produce informative messages and to be active listeners.
Answer to Question 2
C
To examine a child’s ear, the pinna should be pulled back and up for children over 3 years; the pinn
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