Answer to Question 1
Growth mindset: ability is something that can be increased with effort and practice.
Children tend to attribute their successes to ability and their failures to insufficient effort or an overly difficult task.
Fixed mindset: ability is something that is relatively fixed and unchangeable.
Children tend to attribute their successes to external factors such as luck, and their failures to a lack of ability.
Having a growth mindset, or undergoing an intervention that increases the tendency to adopt a growth mindset, has a positive relationship with later school achievement.
Answer to Question 2
Five main aspects of self-concepts: academic competence, social competence, athletic competence, physical appearance, and behavioral conduct.
How children form these self-evaluations:
Children have an improved ability to understand the views that other people have of them.
Children engage in a process of social comparison (comparing self to others on a dimension such as academic competence, physical appearance, etc.)
Self- evaluations in the five areas each make independent and cumulative contributions to overall self-worth, meaning that self-evaluation could be low in one area, and high in four others.
This leads to overall high self-esteem.
For younger children, physical appearance makes a strong contribution to self-esteem.
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General strategies of forward and reverse genetics