Answer to Question 1
d
Answer to Question 2
In some collective agreements, an employer will agree to give union officers or stewards preferential treatment in the event of layoffs or recall of employees. Such provisions are known as super seniority, because layoff and recall are usually done on the basis of seniority and may have the effect of encouraging union membership. They also serve to ensure that employees responsible for the enforcement and administration of the collective agreement remain on the job to ensure the protection of all employees' rights under the contract. However, preferential treatment that goes beyond layoff and recall rights is not so readily justified.