Mechanisms for defense against urinary pathogens in men include: ...

[geoffrey]

Mechanisms for defense against urinary pathogens in men include: (select all that apply)
 
  a. the long length of the urethra.
  b. the alkaline pH of urine.
  c. the secretion of mucus that traps bacteria.
  d. the antimicrobial secretions from the pros-tate.
  e. the implantation of the ureters in the bladder.

Question 2

Bone fractures are a risk factor in chronic renal failure because:
 
  a. calcium is lost in the urine.
  b. osteoblast activity is excessive.
  c. the kidneys fail to activate vitamin D.
  d. autoantibodies to calcium molecules de-velop.

[flannelavenger]

Answer to Question 1

ANS: A, D
Both the longer urethra and prostatic secretions decrease the risk of infection in men. The urine is not more alkaline, and they do not secrete mucus that traps bacteria. The ureters in men and women are implanted in similar positions and in their normal position; it is not a factor in the de-velopment of cystitis.

Answer to Question 2

ANS: C
Hypocalcemia is accelerated by impaired renal synthesis of 1,25 - dihydroxy-vitamin D3. The combined effect of vitamin D deficiency can result in renal osteodystrophies with increased risk for fractures. Calcium is not lost in the urine. Osteoblast activity is not accelerated. Antibodies do not develop.