Answer to Question 1
D
An irregular respiratory rate and short apneic spells are normal for newborns. Assess respiratory rate before other vital signs or assessments are taken. Children up to age 7 breathe abdominally, so respirations are observed by abdominal movement. Average respiratory rate (breaths per minute) for newborns is 30 to 60; for infants (6 months to 1 year), 30 to 50; for toddlers (2 years), 25 to 32; and for children from 3 to 12 years, 20 to 30.
Answer to Question 2
D
With reduced turgor, the skin remains suspended or tented for a few seconds before slowly returning to place. This indicates decreased elasticity and possible dehydration. A stage I pressure ulcer may cause warmth and erythema (redness) of an area. Skin temperature reflects an increase or decrease in blood flow. Normal reactive hyperemia (redness) is a visible effect of localized vasodilation, the body's normal response to lack of blood flow to underlying tissue.