Answer to Question 1
Correct Answer: 3
Circulatory overload causes manifestations such as a full, bounding pulse; distended neck and peripheral veins; increased central venous pressure; cough; dyspnea; orthopnea; rales in the lungs; pulmonary edema; polyuria; ascites; peripheral edema, or if severe, anasarca, in which dilution of plasma by excess fluid causes a decreased hematocrit and blood urea nitrogen (BUN); and possible cerebral edema. The other answers indicate a fluid volume deficit.
Answer to Question 2
Correct Answer: 1
Functional changes of aging also affect fluid balance. Fear of incontinence can lead to self-limiting of fluid intake. Older adults who have self-care deficits, or who are confused, depressed, tube-fed, on bed rest, or taking medications (such as sedatives, tranquilizers, diuretics, and laxatives), are at greatest risk for fluid volume imbalance. There is inadequate information to support the risk of over-hydration, fecal incontinence, or a stroke.