Answer to Question 1
C
Decrease in number and size of nephrons begins in the cortical regions and progresses toward the medullary portions of the kidney. This decrease in number of nephrons corresponds to a 20 decrease in weight of the kidneys between 40 and 80 years of age. Initially, this loss of nephrons does not appreciably alter renal function because of the large renal reserve and a simultaneous decrease in lean muscle mass.
Answer to Question 2
A
Pain triggers anxiety, and increased anxiety intensifies pain experiences. This reciprocal relationship varies, depending on whether pain is produced by disease processes or invasive procedures, is acute or chronic in nature, or if the pain is anticipated. Medications such as theophylline, anticholinergics, dopamine, levodopa, salicylates, and steroids can also contribute to feelings of anxiety. Self-esteem refers to how well one's behavior correlates with a sense of the ideal self and is most closely linked to one's sense of self-worth. Regression is an unconscious defense mechanism characterized by a retreat, in the face of stress, to behaviors characteristic of an earlier developmental level.
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