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Cocaine was isolated in 1860 and first used as a local anesthetic in 1884. Its first clinical use was by Sigmund Freud to wean a patient from morphine addiction. The fictional character Sherlock Holmes was supposed to be addicted to cocaine by injection.
Cytomegalovirus affects nearly the same amount of newborns every year as Down syndrome.
Giardia is one of the most common intestinal parasites worldwide, and infects up to 20% of the world population, mostly in poorer countries with inadequate sanitation. Infections are most common in children, though chronic Giardia is more common in adults.
Acetaminophen (Tylenol) in overdose can seriously damage the liver. It should never be taken by people who use alcohol heavily; it can result in severe liver damage and even a condition requiring a liver transplant.
Once thought to have neurofibromatosis, Joseph Merrick (also known as "the elephant man") is now, in retrospect, thought by clinical experts to have had Proteus syndrome. This endocrine disease causes continued and abnormal growth of the bones, muscles, skin, and so on and can become completely debilitating with severe deformities occurring anywhere on the body.
![Comparison of breast cancer and fibrocystic disease. (A) Breast with a malignant tumor growing in th](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_14755_28_08_12_1_52_25_82592217.jpeg)
![Epidemiologists look for the causes of disease, such as toxic waste and industrial pollution, at the](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_273688_23_02_15_7_45_12_20863285.jpeg)