Answer to Question 1
D
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A Incorrect. Absorption of medications administered intramuscularly in neonates and infants is not best described as much more rapid than by any other age group, but slower and unreliable.
B Incorrect. Absorption of medications administered intramuscularly in neonates and infants is not best described as more predictable than in adults, in fact slower and less predictable.
C Incorrect. Absorption of medications administered intramuscularly in neonates and infants is not best described as not influenced by perfusion to the area there administered, but is definitely influenced by reduced perfusion.
D Correct. Absorption of medications administered intramuscularly in neonates and infants is affected by muscle mass and perfusion of the area. Neonates and infants have less muscle mass than older children or adults (25 of body weight compared to 40 of body weight in adults). The smaller muscle size results in less volume capacity and less absorptive surface. There is decreased muscle tone and lower muscle oxygenation and vasomotor instability with diminished and unpredictable peripheral blood flow. Thus, absorption of drugs administered intramuscularly in neonates and infants is best described as slower and unreliable.
Answer to Question 2
D
The nurse would advise each of these steps as a method to prevent injury and to assist in adapting to the device. The child should be instructed that in time the adjustment will be made.
The four processes of pharmacokinetics: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
Holding of Gusii Infants by Age
Topical medications come in a variety of forms.
Intradermal injections are administered at a 10–15° angle.
Absorption Methods in the Small Intestine
Fat Digestion and Absorption