Answer to Question 1
C
Play for all children is an activity woven with meaning and purpose and is a mechanism for mastering their environment. For chronically ill children, play can indicate their state of wellness and response to treatment. Play is important to all children in all environments. Although children's play activities appear unorganized and at times chaotic, play has purpose and meaning. Imposing structure on play interferes with the tasks being worked on. Children who have fewer energy reserves still require play. For these children, less-active play activities will be important.
Answer to Question 2
C
Concrete operations is the period of cognitive development in which children's thinking is shifted from egocentric to being able to see another's point of view. They develop the ability to distinguish fact from fantasy. The sensorimotor stage occurs in infancy and is a period of reflexive behavior. During this period, the infant's world becomes more permanent and organized. The stage ends with the infant demonstrating some evidence of reasoning. Formal operations is a period in development in which new ideas are created through previous thoughts. Analytic reason and abstract thought emerge in this period. The preoperational stage is a period of egocentrism in which the child's judgments are illogical and dominated by magical thinking and animism.
Nurse-patient interaction; nonveral communication
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Cognitive Development of Children
On the Flexible Item Selection Task (FIST) children are presented with three cards