Answer to Question 1
ANS: A, B, E
Seizures can be caused by many things, including traumatic brain injury, infection in the central nervous system, ingestion of toxins, endocrine dysfunction, atrial-venous malformation, or anoxia. The etiology may also be unknown.
Answer to Question 2
ANS: A, C, E
Hyperthermia is to be avoided because brain metabolic needs will be greatly increased. The nurse may use a hypothermic blanket if the child's temperature is over 102 F (39 C). The head of the bed can be elevated 15 to 30 to promote venous blood return, but a side effect of elevating the head is that the pressure of blood being delivered to the brain decreases, resulting in inadequate blood supply and perfusion. A priority nursing intervention is maintenance of a patent airway. Inadequate oxygenation or excess carbon dioxide causes cerebral blood vessels to dilate, resulting in increased intracranial pressure (ICP). The nurse may administer medications to decrease cerebral edema. A drug frequently prescribed is mannitol (Osmitrol). The patient should be suctioned if needed, but suctioning can increased ICP and should be done gently and only when necessary.
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