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Human kidneys will clean about 1 million gallons of blood in an average lifetime.
Hippocrates noted that blood separates into four differently colored liquids when removed from the body and examined: a pure red liquid mixed with white liquid material with a yellow-colored froth at the top and a black substance that settles underneath; he named these the four humors (for blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile).
In Eastern Europe and Russia, interferon is administered intranasally in varied doses for the common cold and influenza. It is claimed that this treatment can lower the risk of infection by as much as 60–70%.
Once thought to have neurofibromatosis, Joseph Merrick (also known as "the elephant man") is now, in retrospect, thought by clinical experts to have had Proteus syndrome. This endocrine disease causes continued and abnormal growth of the bones, muscles, skin, and so on and can become completely debilitating with severe deformities occurring anywhere on the body.
Lower drug doses for elderly patients should be used first, with titrations of the dose as tolerated to prevent unwanted drug-related pharmacodynamic effects.
![(a) Savanna baboons live in female-philopatric groups, among which males migrate. (b) Chimpanzees li](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_269691_26_01_15_5_55_23_20433921.jpeg)
![Despite the traditional focus on males, females actively choose mates and are the driving force in t](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_269691_26_01_15_5_55_23_204351272.jpeg)