Suppose you have done research and found that on average for children in middle schools the more times that they are sent to the principal's office for behavioral problems, the lower their grades. However, you are not sure whether the behavior problems are causing the bad grades or the bad grades are causing the behavioral problems. According to the text this dilemma is called the ____ problem.
A) third variable
B) vice versa
C) Heisenberg
D) directionality
Question 2
The major characteristic of qualitative designs is that they
A) produce data that are so ambiguous that interpretation is nearly impossible.
B) produce data that cannot be easily expressed as numbers.
C) are the only appropriate designs that can be used in the social sciences.
D) assess the quality of life of the research participants.
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