Answer to Question 1
A
Answer to Question 2
An effluent fee is a charge to a polluter that gives the right to discharge into the air or water a certain amount of pollution. In the above figure, the market solution is point E, with price of P1 and output of Q1. The external cost of the pollution is equal to the distance FE, so an effluent fee equal to FE causes the firms to produce fewer units. The optimum is at E, with price of P, and output of Q.