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Author Question: Which of the following is both a necessary and a sufficient principle to prove a causal ... (Read 87 times)

Zoey63294

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on: Jun 19, 2018
Which of the following is both a necessary and a sufficient principle to prove a causal relationship?
 
  a. Where there is the effect, there must also be the cause.
  b. Where there is no cause, there should be no effect.
  c. Where there is a change made in the cause, there should be a resulting change in the effect.
  d. All of these are necessary and sufficient conditions for proving a causal relationship between variables.

Question 2

The operational definition for the independent variable in an experiment specifies how the variable _____.
 
  a. is measured c. is controlled
  b. is manipulated d. is analyzed


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Sammyo

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Reply #1 on: Jun 19, 2018
Answer to Question 1

C
The first two principles are true for events that are correlated but not causally related. They are necessary but not sufficient for proving causality.

Answer to Question 2

A
The independent variable is manipulated by the experimenter. The operational definition specifies exactly how the manipulation was accomplished.


Zoey63294

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Reply 2 on: Jun 19, 2018
Wow, this really help

helenmarkerine

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Reply 3 on: Yesterday
Excellent

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