Answer to Question 1
A
Answer to Question 2
Monetary policy can use either the monetary base or the federal funds rate as its instrument. The monetary base is the sum of Federal Reserve notes, coins, and banks' deposits at the Fed. The federal funds rate is the interest rate banks charge each other to borrow reserves. If the Fed targets the monetary base, the federal funds rate fluctuates to reach equilibrium. If the Fed targets the federal funds rate, the monetary base fluctuates in response to changes in the demand for it. The Fed cannot target both the monetary base and the federal funds rate simultaneously. The Fed uses the federal funds rate as its monetary policy instrument.