Answer to Question 1
(1 ) To produce a greater degree of European market integration by removing the threat of EMS currency realignments.
(2 ) Reduce German dominance of the EMS monetary policy.
(3 ) Given the move to complete freedom of capital movements within the EU, fixed but adjustable currency parities, may lead to ferociously speculative attacks, as in 1992-1993.
(4 ) To guarantee the political stability of Europe.
Answer to Question 2
despite the Monetary Policy Autonomy theory of the original supporters of floating exchange rates
exchange rate's role in inflation
prices are sticky in the short run, so foreign developments can affect real interest rates and real exchange rates at home
don't want their exchange rate to be too volatile as it affects the demand for their domestic products
appreciation or depreciation can cause inflation that is difficult to counter
banks intervene on a discretionary basis so it is still necessary for them to continue to hold foreign reserves
dirty floats stabilize output and price level after shocks that affect exchange rates
empirically: after 1973 countries have continued to intervene to affect exchange rates
Ecological footprints of different countries.
A Typical Pattern of Sleep Stages During a Single Night
Working Memory Binds Visual Features into a Single Chunk
A properly mounted 12-lead, single channel ECG.
The RecA strand exchange reaction as shown from single-molecule studies
Testcross of a single character