Answer to Question 1
b
Answer to Question 2
Conflict theorists argue that cities do not grow or decline by chance. Rather, they are
the product of specific decisions made by members of the capitalist class and political
elites. Three major themes prevail in political economy models of urban growth. First,
both economic and political factors affect patterns of urban growth and decline.
Second, urban space has both an exchange value and a use value. Third, both structure
and agency are important in understanding how urban development takes place.
According to political economy models, urban growth is influenced by capital
investment decisions, power and resource inequality, class and class conflict, and
government subsidy programs. Members of the capitalist class choose corporate
locations, decide on sites for shopping centers and factories, and spread the population
that can afford to purchase homes into sprawling suburbs located exactly where the
capitalists think they should be located. One of the major results of these urban
development practices is uneven developmentthe tendency of some neighborhoods,
cities, or regions to grow and prosper whereas others stagnate and decline.
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Environmental Science: Toward A Sustainable Future, 13th Edition