Answer to Question 1
There appear to be identifiable stages in virtually all movements that
succeed beyond their initial phase of development.
(1) In the preliminary (or incipiency) stage widespread unrest is present as people begin to
become aware of a problem. At this stage, leaders emerge to agitate others into taking
action.
(2) In the coalescence stage, people begin to organize and to publicize the problem. At this
stage, some movements become formally organized at local and regional levels.
(3) In the institutionalizatio n (or bureaucratization) stage, an organizational structure
develops, and a paid staff (rather than volunteers) begins to lead the group. When the
movement reaches this stage, the initial zeal and idealism of members may diminish as
administrators take over management of the organization. Early grassroots supporters may
become disillusioned and drop out; they may also start another movement to address some
as-yet-unsolved aspect of the original problem.
Answer to Question 2
b