Answer to Question 1
Although collective behavior is short-lived and relatively unorganized, social
movements are longer lasting, are more organized, and have specific goals or
purposes. A social movement is an organized group that acts consciously to promote
or resist change through collective action. Social movements are more likely to
develop in industrialized societies than in preindustrial societies, where acceptance of
traditional beliefs and practices makes such movements unlikely.
Diversity and a lack of consensus (hallmarks of industrialized nations) contribute to
demands for social change, and people who participate in social movements typically
lack power and other resources to bring about change without engaging in collective
action.
Social movements are most likely to spring up when people come to see their personal
troubles as public issues that cannot be solved without a collective response. Social
movements make democracy more available to excluded groups. For example, the
civil rights movement brought into its ranks African Americans in the South who had
never been allowed to participate in politics. Also, the women's suffrage movement
gave voice to women who had been denied the right to vote. Most social movements
rely on volunteers to carry out the work. Social movements provide people who
otherwise would not have the resources to enter the game of politics a chance to do
so.
Answer to Question 2
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In 1879 an army officer founded the Carlisle School in Pennsylvania to “civilize” young Indians. The
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Created Equal: A Social and Political History of the United States, Brief Edition