Answer to Question 1
b
Answer to Question 2
Sociologists using a functionalist framework distinguish between manifest functions and
latent functions. Manifest functions are open, stated, and intended goals or
consequences of activities within an institution. Education serves five major manifest
functions in society: (1) Socializationschool s teach students the student role, specific
academic subjects, and political socialization. (2) Transmission of cultureschools
transmit cultural norms and values to each new generation and play an active part in
the process of assimilation of recent immigrants. (3) Social controlschools are
responsible for teaching values such as discipline, respect, obedience, punctuality, and
perseverance. (4) Social placementschools are responsible for identifying the most
qualified people to fill the positions available in society students are channeled into
programs based on individual ability and academic achievement. (5) Change and
innovationschools introduce new programs to meet societal needs as student
populations change over time. All social institutions have latent functions, which are
hidden, unstated, and sometime unintended consequences of activities within an
institution. Education serves at least three latent functions: (1) Restricting some
activitiesearly in the twentieth century, all states passed mandatory education laws
that require children to attend school until they reach a specified age (usually age
sixteen) or complete a minimum level of formal education (generally the eighth grade).
Out of these laws grew one latent function of education, which is to keep students off
the streets and out of the full-time job market for a number of years. (2) Matchmaking
and production of social networksschools bring together people of similar ages, social
class, and race/ethnicity young people often meet future marriage partners and
develop social networks that may last for many years. (3) Creation of generation gap
students may learn information in school that contradicts beliefs held by their parents
or their religion.
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