Answer to Question 1
c
Answer to Question 2
Although preindustrial societies had a written language, few people knew how to read and write, and formal education was often reserved for the privileged. Education became more formalized in preindustrial and industrial societies. Formal education is learning that takes place within an academic setting such as a school, which has a planned instructional process and teachers who convey specific knowledge, skills, and thinking processes to students. In the Renaissance, the focus of education shifted to the importance of developing well-rounded and liberally educated people. With the rapid growth of industrial capitalism and factories during the Industrial Revolution, it became necessary for workers to have basic skills in reading, writing, and arithmetic. As societies industrialized, the need for formal education of the masses increased significantly. In the United States, the free public school movement was started in 1848 by Horace Mann.
By the mid-1850s, the process of mass education had begun in the United States as all states established free, tax-supported elementary schools that were readily available to children throughout the country. Mass education refers to providing free public schooling for wide segments of a nation's population.
As industrialization and bureaucratization intensified, managers and business owners demanded that schools educate students beyond the third or fourth grade so that well-qualified workers would be available for rapidly emerging whitecollar jobs in management.
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