Answer to Question 1
a
Answer to Question 2
Industrialization is the process by which societies are transformed from
dependence on agriculture and handmade products to an emphasis on
manufacturing and related industries. By the mid-nineteenth century,
industrialization was well under way in the United States. Massive
economic, technological, and social changes occurred as machine
technology and the factory system shifted the economic base from
agriculture to manufacturing. A new social class of industrialists emerged
in textiles, iron smelting, and related industries. Many people who had
labored on the land were forced to leave their tightly knit rural
communities and sacrifice well-defined social relationships to seek
employment as factory workers in the emerging cities, which became the
centers of industrial work. Urbanization accompanied modernization and
the rapid process of industrialization. Urbanization is the process by
which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities rather than in
rural areas. The development of the factory system led to a rapid
increase in both the number of cities and the size of the population.
People from very diverse backgrounds worked together in the same
factory. At the same time, many people shifted from being producers to
being consumers. For example, families living in the cities had to buy
food with their new wages because they could no longer grow their own
crops to consume or to barter for other resources. Similarly, people had
to pay rent for their lodging because they could no longer exchange their
services for shelter. These living and working conditions led to the
development of new social problems: inadequate housing, crowding,
unsanitary conditions, poverty, pollution, and crime.
Wages were so low that entire familiesincluding very young childrenwere forced to work,
often under hazardous conditions and with no job security. As these conditions became
more visible, a new breed of social thinkers turned its attention to trying to understand why
and how society was changing.
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