Answer to Question 1
Feedback: In 1983 50 companies controlled the mainstream media; today only six companies control 90. Concentration of the media in so few hands have consequences: (1) It results in an ideological monopoly; that is, newspapers, magazines, television, and radio offer little variety in perspective and editorial policy, ranging from centrist to moderately conservative. (2) Because the media conglomerates are profit-seeking organizations, they emphasize entertainment over news. Maximization of corporate profits takes precedence over all else.
Answer to Question 2
Feedback: (1) Ideological social control is accomplished through the socialization of youth. Young people are taught the values of individualism, competition, patriotism, and respect for authority at home, in school, in scouting organizations, in sports, and through the media. This could be considered cultural control, because the individual is given authoritative definitions of what should and should not be done, which make it appear as if there were no choice. (2) Ideological conformity occurs by frontal attacks on competing ideologies by politicians, religious leaders, teachers, and other people in authority. (3) Propaganda efforts by political authorities to convince the public of which actions are moral, who the enemies are, and why certain courses of governmental action are required.
Is the principle of cause and effect unfounded?
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