Answer to Question 1
Merton identified five different modes of adaptation that individuals use in responding to society's approved cultural goals and society's approved means to achieve them.
(1 ) The conformist is considered as the only non-deviant because he or she accepts society's goals and society's means to achieve them. The other four modes of adaptation are considered as being deviant.
(2 ) The ritualist accepts the means to achieve goals and in many respects is a model citizen but rejects the approved cultural goals. The goals may be out of reach or simply not the prime focus of the individual's efforts.
(3 ) The retreatist rejects both the culturally approved goals and the culturally approved means to achieve them.
(4 ) The rebel rejects either the approved goals or the means to achieve them (or both) but substitutes a goal or means in their place.
(5 )The innovator accepts culturally approved goals but rejects the approved means to achieve them.
Answer to Question 2
(1 ) Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms. When an offender is brought to justice it reminds everyone of the law or moral code of a culture. Police officers remind us of the speed limit when we are observed exceeding it excessively.
(2 ) Deviance promotes social unity. During a rally by the Ku Klux Klan in 1995, faculty, students, and community people gathered together at the university to protest the speeches and sign a group statement advocating multicultural unity.
(3 ) Deviance promotes social change. Homosexuality was once punishable by death in the colonies. Today there are advocate organizations and special events for gays and lesbians.
To attain their goal of objectivity and accuracy in their research, sociologists must put away their ...
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