Answer to Question 1
(1 ) Secondary analysis is the examination of data that have been collected by other researchers.
(2 ) Documents are written sources that provide data in the form of archival materials of any sort, including newspapers, books, diaries, police reports, and other written formats as well as electronic media. The major problem with using both secondary analysis and documents is that the researcher has no control over the qualification of the source of the material. Developing conclusions based on faulty data results in faulty (invalid) research results.
Answer to Question 2
Voluntary associations serve the following seven functions:
(1 ) they advance particular interests for professional, leisure, and utilitarian reasons;
(2 ) they offer people an identity, such as membership as a scout, a Kiwanian, or member of the PTA, and provide in-group loyalties;
(3 ) they help govern nations and maintain social order by getting people out to vote, assisting in national disasters, and serving as policemen, firemen, and EMTs;
(4 ) they mediate between the government and the individual. Social movements help the individual pressure the government for change;
(5 ) they provide training and skills that assist the individual in career advancement;
(6 ) they bring people into the political mainstream, ranging from members of the NAACP to the NRA to advance their positions;
(7 ) they can pave the way for social change (examples: Greenpeace is working for a safer and cleaner environment, while gay and lesbian organizations are advancing their perceived right to same-sex marriage).
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