Answer to Question 1
Bureaucracies qualify as formal organizations because they are secondary groups designed to achieve specific objectives. Not all formal organizations are bureaucracies, however. A formal organization may share some of the characteristics of a bureaucracy without qualifying as being one. Some formal organizations, such as voluntary groups, are based on mutual interest rather than efficiency. Voluntary organizations are also less formal, more personal, and less hierarchical than a bureaucracy.
Answer to Question 2
In research, an operational definition is the precise way that a variable is measured. The difference between an operational definition and a traditional definition is in the exactness or preciseness of the definition. For example, the definition of man in the traditional sense is any male age 18 years or older. In a research study, however, the term man may be limited to males of a younger age group (18 to 25 ) or males who are older (over 65 ).
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