Answer to Question 1
A key dimension of social control occurs through sanctions, or punishmentsincludin g imprisonmentthat groups and societies establish to enforce norms. However, sanctions are not the only way social control is promoted. We more often follow rules and norms not just because we are worried about punishment but also because we may seek rewards that good behavior provides. Positive rewards might include things like praise, awards, and salary raises. Doing what the boss wants, no matter how irrational it may be, can be a good way of moving up in the company (whereas challenging the boss can put an employee at risk).
Sociologists also distinguish between formal and informal sanctions and rewards. Formal sanctions are those used to enforce the norms that are written into law, and are usually carried out by a group of people who have been given the specific task and power to do so, including the police or school principals. Examples of such sanctions are fines or arrests (and possible prison sentences), while formal rewards might be getting good grades or promotions. On the other hand, informal sanctions might include such things as insults or giving someone a dirty look, while informal rewards include things like giving people compliments.
Answer to Question 2
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Three principle forms of natural selection: (a) stabilizing selection, (b) directional selection, an
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