It is considered to be acceptable for research participants to be exposed to risk or discomfort ____.
a. when the risk and discomfort is temporary and only occurs during the experiment
b. only when minimal risk and discomfort are outweighed by the benefit to the knowledge base and to human welfare
c. when nonhuman participants are also used as a comparison
d. when participants are paid for their involvement with the study before participating
Question 2
An experimenter is studying the facial expression of the emotion terror. He plans to point a loaded gun at participants as they enter the room and photograph them at the same instant. Such an experiment would be ethically ____.
a. unacceptable if the experimenter explained the experiment afterward to the participants
b. acceptable if the experimenter explained the experiment afterward and if the participants were paid
c. acceptable if the participants were paid, regardless of the discomfort they might experience
d. unacceptable if the risks to the participants outweigh the potential benefits of the knowledge gained
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